WHAP+NOTES

The voyages of columbus and other explorers and the empires built by Euro conquereors resulted in a shirt of power in world affairs that redefined the interchanges between world societies and civilizations. Merchants and leaders became aware of the world outside of them. Europeans developed gunpowder and cannons, although not accurate, were very powerful during this time. Vikings settled for Scandivania and Greenland and Iceland, and even though they were able to conquer outside of it, they had no interest in it. European belief that the world was flat caused them delay in expansion for fear of falling off the edge. Prince Henry the Navigator explored the coast of Africa, in search of wealth and hopes of discovery. He brought back slaves and spices to Portugal. In 1498, Portuguese ships arrived in India with the aid of a Hindu pilot, traded with Muslim merchants who they believed were Christian, were hostile to them. However, due to their amount of gold, they were able to trade for small amounts of spice. This success set an annual series of trade between Portugual and India. The technological advances made by the Europeans in the 15th century included deep-raft, roud-hulled sailing ships for the Atlantic, compasses which were stolen, and explosive gunpowder. The Portuguese did not have any significant goods to offer efor trade, except for gold. The portuguese sailed to the coasts of Africa in search for India, but also went to present day Brasil, Indonesia and Japan in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Portguese made territoral claim in Brazil, Africa and India. They had colonies in Mozambique in Afirca, and Goa in India.

Vasco de Gama- His fleet of Portuguese ships reached india in 1498 with the aid of a Hindu Pilot. Columbus- Accidently dis covered the Americas which he thought was India. Magellan- Went across the southern tip of South America in his expedition starting in 1519 and ended up in Indonesia in 1521, which then he claimed the Philippines until 1898.

Spain had claimed The Philipines, various Pacific islands and the bulk of the Americas by the mid 16th century. The shirt in exploration from the Port and Spanish to the Dutch and French and British occured because the Spanish and Ports were digesting their new gains and the Brits and Dutch produced ships that were faster and lighter than their Catholic rivals.

The French laid claim to Canada by the end of the 16th Centry. By the mid 17th century, the Dutch had claimed some holdings in N. America such as New York and for a long time, Brazil. They had an establishment in the southern tip of Afirca along with kicking out of Ports for the Indonesian Islands. The Dutch set up a settlement at the tip of Afirca to provide a relay station for its ships bound for the East Indies. The Great trading companies such as the Dutch East India Company and British East India Company were operated by Goverment approval of trade of the regions they were designated, but they weren't greatly supervised by their own states. They were allowed to raise armies and coin money on their own. The arrival of the Europeans in the Americas had an impact on the native population by nearly wiping out 80% of the native population over a period of 150 years because the Natives had no immunity or previous exposure to the diseases the Europeans brought over. In the Columbian exchange, American corn and sweet potatoes were taken up by the Chinese who learned of them through Spaniards in the Philis, the use of tobacco, sugar, and coffee spread, horses and cattle were introduced into the new world.

The battle at Lepanto in 1571 was significant because Spanish fleet defeated the ottoman empire navy which destroyed the Muslim hope for rivalry against European Navel power.

The European ports were spread along the west coast of Afirca, serveral parts of the Indian subcontien, and the islands of the Southeast Asia by the 17th Centry.

The Chinese port that the Ports controlled was the island port of Macao.

Mercantilism was a nation-state urge to not import in foreign goods, but rather focus of the expansion of exporting their own goods as widely as possible. Tariffs were placed which encouraged home-based manufacturing. The African trade pattens changed at this time, by yielding to a dominant focus on the Atlantic and were organized by western shippers.

The coercive labor systems expanded during this time period because the economies depended on cheap production of unprocessed goods, and there was a tendency to build a system of forced labor that would cost a little even when the overall labor supply was precarious. China's role in the internation market during this period was that they deliberately avoided trading internationally, but when they did interact, it was with Europeans at a very low level. They depended on government regulation to keep Euro activities in check. The produces exported to China include the copying of some firearms, and silver. Japanese response to Western Traders was intial attraction toe the western expeiditon, but they quickly pulled back but they remained to show interest in Christian Missions and the fascination with western gunnery. The only port that was left open in Japan to the Dutch was Nagasaki

The areas that the new world trade had very little impact on was India's Mughal Empire, Ottoman and Safavid Empires, Russia and much of Africa. The British began to take control in India by passing tarrifs against the import of Cotton cloth made in India. The intent was to use India was a market for British goods and a source of payment for gold. The characteristics of the labor used in Eastern Europe and Russia was the growth of the cities created a growing market for imported grains and this was met by Euro growers and Russians. The demand that was met by the two regions was a growing market for imported grains. The North American conlines were different from thsoe in Latin America for they were far smaller in terms of population adn the value of their imports and exports also remained insignificant. N American colines had much more similiar culture to the West Euros than Latin America. The group that originally settled in Canada was France, then the British attacked which led to the Seven Years' War, then ended with the Treaty of Paris that gave control of Canada to Brit

The economic developments that disguished north american colonies from the Latin America was that the value of N America products such as timber and fur did not do nearly as well profit wise as the products in Latin America, therefore, there was less focus to economic regulation. The North American colonist were more like Euros than Latin Americans because they operated their own assemblies, which provided political experience to people. Calvinist and Quaker church assemblies provided governing power to elders or wider congregations; they were also avid readers of European political theories. The reason Euros were only able toe control small coastal fortresses in Africa was because of the disease, climate, and nonnavigateable rivers from trying to reach the interior. The Dutch took control of South Africa through direct and disruptive expeidtions. The Dtuch took in the Cape Conoly and the intent was to provide a relay station for its ships bound for the East Indies. The Ports explored Angola in search of Slaves. The Boers were Dutch Farmers. Spain was the european contruny that colonized the Philis Britian and France fought for the control of India British had an advnatage because they had already gained a station in Calcutta, which gave it great weath from the Ganges Valley and had enormous influence on the British governement in which the navy had excellent communication on the Ocean routs. The Black Hole of Calcutta was a battle with the Indian Ruler of Bengal, english prisoners were placed in their own jail and 120 died from humidity and overcrowding. The French power in India was taken by the British by the Brits using the Black Hole of Calcutta to rally their forces and seize it back, and take additional French and Indian Territory which destroyed french power. The areas that the Brtish East India Company control by the late 18th century was the new areas it conquered through force. Europeans were able to win many converts in the Philipians. The colonization affected Europeans back home by adding hostiles, use of colonial produced sugar spread which previously was a costly upper class item, which now created a greater role for dentists. The affect that resulted from the developing world economy was the immense internal changes such as population patterns in Africa, Indian manufacturing levels decling by the 18th century, Christianity being mixed with regional culture in Latin America. Knowledge of food increased trade helped agricultural socities expand populations and deal with scaritity.